Quotes []. Joining the French army in April 1652, he served in four campaigns under the great French general the vicomte de Turenne, who commended his courage and ability. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland.. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. James, the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St. James's Palace in 1633 and created Duke of York in 1644. In the subsequent “campaign,” James’s Protestant officers deserted to the enemy in such large numbers that he dared not commit the army to a pitched battle. … His second marriage was to Mary of Modena by proxy on 30th September 1673. In 1660, James married Anne Hyde, daughter of Charles II's chief minister and they had two surviving children, Mary and Anne. James’s conversion had little effect on his political views, which were already formed by his reverence for his dead father and his close association with the High Church party. More to Go Around. He commanded the fleet in the opening campaigns of the Second and Third Dutch wars. His placement of Catholic allies in high positions in the court and army, coupled with the birth of his son, alarmed the Anglican establishment, who invited the Protestant William of Orange and his wife, James’s daughter Mary, to invade, resulting in the Glorious Revolution. When the city surrendered during the siege of Oxford in 1646, the Duke of York was confined in St James's Palace by parliamentary command. King James II, was born to Charles I and Henrietta Maria at St James’s Palace, London. In 1648, he escaped from the Palace, from there he went to The Hague in disguise. James II © James was a Stuart king of England, Scotland and Ireland who in 1688 was overthrown in the 'Glorious Revolution' by William III. Their first son was born about a year before Charles, but died within a day. James II Stuart, King of Great Britain was born on 14 October 1633 at St. James's Palace, St. James's, London, England G. 4 He was the son of Charles I Stuart, King of Great Britain and Henriette Marie de Bourbon, Princesse de France. However, whereas Charles gained a reputation as a man whole could hold his own in politics when required to do so, James was seen as being dull, slow and incapable of grasping the politics of the day. James’s distrust of his subjects, conceived in the turbulent 1670s, was at once sharpened. William sailed under cover of the general war that had by then broken out in Europe, evaded the English fleet, and landed at Brixham on Tor Bay on November 5 (November 15, New Style), 1688. He was born in October 1633, the second surviving son of Charles I and younger brother to Charles II. – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. 1 He was baptised on 24 November 1633 at St. James's Palace, St. James's, London, England G. 5 He married, firstly, Lady Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde, 1st … But his Irish-French army was defeated by William at the Boyne (July 1 [July 11, New Style], 1690), and he returned to France. James II, also called (1644–85) duke of York and (1660–85) duke of Albany, (born October 14, 1633, London, England—died September 5/6 [September 16/17, New Style], 1701, Saint-Germain, France), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688, and the last Stuart monarch in the direct male line. Born in 1633 and named after his grandfather James I, James II grew up in exile after the Civil War (he served in the armies of Louis XIV) and, after his brother's restoration, commanded the Royal Navy from 1660 to 1673. About James II, James II of England, James VII of Scotland, from Historical Figures of England, a full length portrait by artist and historian George Stuart. In addition to being torn from his country, James II was also torn apart in death. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. Later that year, his first wife having died, he gave further offense by marrying a Roman Catholic princess, Mary of Modena. He was formally created duke of York in January 1644. The new royalist Parliament that assembled in May 1685 voted James a large income, and there seemed to be no reason why he should not in time secure adequate toleration for his coreligionists. He then continuously prorogued it for more than a … That revolution, engendered by James’s Roman Catholicism, permanently established Parliament as the ruling power in England. 1653 - ca. Wikipedia Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Ever since the spring of 1687 many English leaders had been in touch with William of Orange, the husband of the heiress presumptive Mary and the champion of Protestant Europe against Louis XIV of France. The Parliament promised him the same income and rights as Charles I. He also showed considerable interest in colonial ventures; it was on his initiative that New Amsterdam was seized from the Dutch in 1664 and renamed New York in his honour. Corrections? After the restoration of his brother Charles II to the English throne in 1660, James was created duke of Albany. In February 1689, parliament declared that James's flight constituted an abdication and William and Mary were crowned joint monarchs. To Parliament, Charles was pragmatic and flexible in his approach. But when it resisted his wishes to exempt Catholics from the restrictions of the Test Act, James adjourned it in November. Both before and after marriage he had the reputation of being as great a libertine as his brother. When his brother Charles II concluded an alliance with Spain against France in 1656 he reluctantly changed sides, and he commanded the right wing of the Spanish army at the Battle of the Dunes in June 1658. James resigned all of his offices in 1673 rather than take an anti-Catholic oath imposed by the so-called Test Act and thus made his position known publicly. William, ever looking for ways to diminish the power of France, hoped that James would join the League of Augsburg, but by 1687 it became clear that James would not join the anti-French alliance. After a number of them had been replaced, the judges of King’s Bench in the collusive action Godden v. Hales found in favour of the king’s power to excuse individuals from the Test Oath; Roman Catholics were admitted to the Privy Council and subsequently to the high offices of state. His parents were Charles I, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Henrietta Maria, the sister of the French king Louis XIII.Charles was their second child. Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, wife of James II, Mother of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne Joyce and Elizabeth Hall Distinguished Professor of Early Modern British History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 1987–94. Mary's uncle was King Charles II , who ruled the three kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland ; her maternal grandfather, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon , served for a lengthy period as Charles's chief advisor. James, in fact, was always more favourable to the Anglican church than was his Protestant brother. James II's Parliament of May 1685, predominantly Tory, was initially obedient and generous. James, the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St. James's Palace in 1633 and created Duke of York in 1644. James II’s first wife, Anne, was Protestant (though she converted to Catholicism), and their daughters were Mary II (wife of William of Orange and queen of England) and Anne, who succeeded Mary as queen. His education had emb… The second son of the Duke of York (later James II of England) and his first wife, Anne Hyde. He was designated Duke of York. This confusion may well reflect the state of James’s own mind, which undoubtedly deteriorated in the years 1687–88, and some of his assertions, accusations, and threats at this time verge on the insane. James II, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688. After the death of his brother Charles II, he ruled as James II of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland, till he was deposed to France by the Glorious Revolution. James II (1633-1701) was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688. Regnier Arondeaux, James II, 1633-1701, King of England 1685-1688 (obverse), 1685, NGA 110735.jpg 4,000 × 4,000; 9.09 MB Spotprent op de gezamenlijke strijd van de Heilige Liga van Lodewijk XIV en Jacobus II, 1689. For most of his life James was the spokesman of the conservative Anglican courtiers, who believed that his views on monarchy and Parliament coincided with theirs, who found his formal and humourless nature more congenial than Charles’s slippery geniality, and who respected his frank acknowledgment of his religious beliefs. He attempted to promote Catholicism by appointing Catholics to military, political and academic posts. James II and VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. After being overthrown, James II attempted to regain his throne by invading Ireland and was repulsed in the Battle of the Boyne, still celebrated by Protestants in Northern Ireland. …renaming it New York after James, duke of York, brother of Charles II, and placing it under the proprietary control of the duke. Soon after his christening he was created duke of York and Albany. In Ireland James had shown none of his former military ability, and he now aged rapidly, falling increasingly under the influence of his pietistic wife. The rebellions were put down with great ferocity, the army was considerably increased, and the new regiments were granted to Roman Catholic officers who had had military experience abroad and whose loyalty was undoubted. He was then removed by order of Parliament to St. James’s Palace, from which he escaped to the Netherlands in April 1648. In June 1688, James's second wife Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward. But owing largely to his own tenacious defense of his rights, the exclusionists were defeated. The Glorious Revolution that overthrew him also permanently established Parliament as the ruling power in England. She was buried in Westminster Abbey. King James II of England (after Kneller), Isaac Beckett, English, ca. The archbishop of Canterbury and six of his bishops petitioned James to withdraw the order. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). James was far too honest for his own good and believed in letting everyone know about his beliefs. They married in secret at Breda in 1659 and later publicly in London in 1660. James was a Stuart king of England, Scotland and Ireland who in 1688 was overthrown in the 'Glorious Revolution' by William III. During the English Civil War he stayed in Oxford, a Royalist stronghold. This did not impede his succession to the throne on Charles' death in 1685. James II was the last British Stuart king in the direct line. © James’s second wife, Mary of Modena, was Roman Catholic, and their son was James Edward, the Old Pretender. Grab a copy of our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! By 1678 James’s Roman Catholicism had created a climate of hysteria in which the fabricated tale of a Popish Plot to assassinate Charles and put his brother on the throne was generally believed. James II succeeded his brother, Charles II, as king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1685 and was deposed by the Glorious Revolution in 1688. In 1664, the infant James became the first Duke of Cambridge and Baron of Dauntsey, titles his uncle, King Charles II, created especially for him. Professor of Modern History, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1981–87. He attempted to flee to France but was intercepted in Kent; 12 days later, on December 23, he was allowed to escape. 1717, Sir Godfrey Kneller, German, British, 1646 - 1723, Mezzotint engraving in dark brown ink on paper, Half-length, standing slightly to the left, James II of England (1633-1701) is seen in wig, lace cravat and armor. The Scots Parliament followed suit in May. James II converted to Roman Catholicism before coming to the throne. James II was the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [60] James II of England King James II of England ruled fromApril 23, 1685 , until December 11, 1688. Find out more about how the BBC is covering the. Britain's last Stuart and last Catholic monarch, he granted religious minorities the right to worship. On June 30 the seven bishops were acquitted—a tremendous defeat for the government—and that same day seven leading Englishmen sent a letter inviting William of Orange to lead an army to England and call a free Parliament to arbitrate on the legitimacy of the prince of Wales. When Charles I was executed by the rebels in 1649, monarchist… Even before accession he had ready been acting, as Charles II’s deputy and earlier on, in his brother’s reign, he had shown the better side or his character. William II held, in official feudal order, the office of stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, and Overijssel. During the "First Stadtholderless Era," power was de facto held from 1653 by Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt. James II and VII (14 October 1633 O.S. Monmouth himself was messily beheaded. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. He was defeated by William at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) and replaced by William III and Mary II. Charles II was born at St James's Palace on 29 May 1630. A commission for ecclesiastical causes was established to administer James’s powers as supreme governor of the Anglican church, and its first act was to suspend Henry Compton, bishop of London, one of the most outspoken critics of royal policy. In 1660, Charles retuned to Britain as Charles II as a result of the Restoration Settlement. But in 1668 or 1669 he was admitted to the Roman Catholic Church, though on his brother’s insistence he continued to take the Anglican sacraments until 1672, and he attended Anglican services until 1676. No king of England before had a better start than James II. James II and VII (14 October 1633 O.S. James died in exile in Saint-Germain in France on 16 September 1701. In April James issued the so-called Declaration of Indulgence, suspending the laws against Roman Catholics and Protestant dissenters alike; in July he dissolved Parliament, and in September he launched an intensive campaign to win over the Protestant dissenters and with their aid secure a new Parliament more amenable to his wishes. Read more. Author... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland.. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. On February 12, 1689, the Convention Parliament declared that James had abdicated and the next day offered the crown to William and Mary. In 1687, he issued a Declaration of Indulgence aiming at complete religious toleration and instructed Anglican clergy to read it from their pulpits. https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-II-king-of-England-Scotland-and-Ireland, The Home of the Royal Family - Biography of James II, Spartacus Educational - Biography of King James II, Undiscovered Scotland - Biography of James VII/II, History Learning Site - Biography of James II, James II - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), James II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. James II Stuart, King of England, King of Ireland, King of Scotland, was born 14 October 1633 in St. James Palace, Greater London, England, United Kingdom to Charles I of England (1600-1649) and Henrietta Marie de Bourbon (1609-1669) and died 16 September 1701 in St. Germain-En-Laye, Seine-Et-Oise, France of unspecified causes. The last Catholic monarch, King James II’s reign was very brief. James also returned as Duke of York. James II Stuart was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688. In Scotland, he is known as James VII. In March 1689 James landed in Ireland, and a Parliament summoned to Dublin acknowledged him as king. James II and VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was king of England, Scotland, … Mary, born at St James's Palace in London on 30 April 1662, was the eldest daughter of the Duke of York (the future King James II & VII), and his first wife, Anne Hyde. The Treaty of Rijswijk between England and France (1697) removed his last hopes of restoration. James was born on 14 October 1633 to Charles I and his French wife, Henrietta Maria and was named after his grandfather, James I and VI. The spark was touched off by James himself, when he reissued his Declaration of Indulgence on April 27, 1688, and on May 4 ordered it to be read in the churches. Their petition was subsequently published, and James made the mistake of prosecuting its authors for seditious libel. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He became lord high admiral and did much to maintain the efficiency and improve the organization of the navy. James was married twice; his first wife was Anne Hyde, the daughter of the first Earl of Clarendon. In November, William landed with an army in Devon. This, together with the defection of his daughter Anne, finally shattered his nerve. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) and replaced by William III and Mary II. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the three British kingdoms. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland. Later that year James faced rebellion, led by Charles II's illegitimate son the Duke of Monmouth. What those wishes were is still not clear: some of his utterances suggest a genuine belief in religious toleration as a matter of principle; others point to the establishment of Roman Catholicism as the dominant if not the exclusive religion of the state. During this crisis James spent long periods in exile at Brussels and Edinburgh. Charles II also insisted that James’s daughters, Mary and Anne, be raised in the Protestant faith. The Treaty of Westminster (1654), ending the First Anglo-Dutch War, had a secret annex attached on demand of Oliver Cromwell, the Act of Seclusion, forbidding the province of Holland ever to appoint a m… In 1687 James intensified his Roman Catholic policy and dismissed his Anglican brothers-in-law the earl of Clarendon and the earl of Rochester. Magdalen College, Oxford, was given over for the use of Roman Catholics, and a papal nuncio was officially accredited to St. James’s Palace. Fearing that a Catholic succession was now assured, a group of Protestant nobles appealed to William of Orange, husband of James's older, and Protestant, daughter Mary. This was to be his last taste of active military command until 1688. He commanded the Royal Navy from1660 to1673. By September William’s intentions were obvious, but James declined Louis XIV’s offer of assistance for fear of the reaction in England; in any case he was confident in the ability of his forces to repel invasion. James was born on 19 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle. In 1682 he returned to England and resumed the leadership of the Anglican Tories, whose power in local government was reestablished and increased by the “remodeling” of the borough corporations and the government of the counties in their favour. James converted to Catholicism in 1669. James II and VII. In politics he was a strong supporter of the earl of Clarendon, whose daughter Anne he married in September 1660. I fully declare my Opinion concerning the Principles of the … All these five provinces however, suspended the office of stadtholder upon William II's death. This last act of policy provoked a quarrel between king and Parliament, which was prorogued in November 1685, never to meet again. James II & VII, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, by Sir Godfrey Kneller. When the city surrendered in 1646, the Duke of York was confined in St James's Palace by parliamentary command. King James was faithful Catholic, adn passed his religion onto his thirteen children, only a … William’s generals reconquered Ireland the following year. By 1684 James’s influence on state policy was paramount, and when he finally came to the throne on February 6, 1685, with very little overt opposition or even criticism, it seemed likely that the strong support of the Anglicans would make him one of the most powerful of the 17th-century British kings. James II of England is a featured article; it (or a previous version of it) has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia community.Even so, if you can update or improve it, please do so. He distinguished himself a soldier, returning to England at the Restoration of his brother, Charles II, in 1660. This article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on May 22, 2006. Darnley was murdered in February 1567. Oval format. JAMES II (1633–1701), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland, second son of Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria, was born at St. James's Palace 14 (not 15) Oct. 1633. In 1648, he escaped from the Palace, from there he went to The Hague in disguise. BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Born on October 14, 1633, at St. James’ Palace in London, England, King James II of England, was the third, but the second surviving son of King Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, daughter of King Henri IV of France.He was designated Duke of York from birth, the traditional title of the monarch’s second son, but was not formally created until 1643. But unsuccessful rebellions led by the duke of Monmouth in England and the duke of Argyll in Scotland, in the summer of 1685, marked a turning point in his attitude. James II of England was the second son of King Charles I and Henrietta Maria. The unexpected news that the queen was pregnant (November 1687), establishing the prospect of a Roman Catholic succession, had great effect on most Protestants; while a wholesale “remodeling” of borough corporations, lord lieutenancies, deputy lieutenancies, and magistracies that winter inflamed the majority of the nobility and gentry, whose political and social power suffered by it. Despite his conversion, James II succeeded to the throne peacefully at the age of 51. In 1686 the division between the king and his former allies, the Anglican Tories, deepened. He became daily more absorbed in his devotions, and his more aggressive supporters soon came to regard him as something of a liability. In this article we will discuss about the reign of James II, 1685-88. To regard him as king of external sites Johan de Witt in Scotland, he issued a Declaration Indulgence... Husband, Lord Darnley first Stadtholderless Era, '' power was de held... 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